Between Religious Obligation and Social Controversy: Public Perceptions of the MUI Fatwa on Dam Haji Distribution in Indonesia

Abstract

The MUI fatwa permitting the domestic distribution of dam haji has generated considerable debate among Indonesian Muslims, yet empirical evidence on how the public perceives and responds to this ruling remains limited. This study aims to examine public perceptions of the fatwa, identify the socio-religious factors shaping acceptance and rejection, and develop an explanatory framework for fatwa reception. Employing a qualitative multi-site empirical case study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 42 informants, six focus group discussions, and documentary analysis across East Java, West Java, and South Sulawesi. Thematic analysis using NVivo revealed that public perceptions are polarized, with 43% supporting the fatwa, 38% opposing it, and 19% remaining undecided. Acceptance is strongly influenced by kyai authority, Islamic organizational affiliation, and the principle of maslahah, whereas opposition is associated with textualist interpretations and concerns regarding institutional legitimacy. Digital media further amplifies competing narratives and public polarization. The study concludes that fatwa reception is a socially mediated process shaped by religious authority, social networks, and communication channels. It contributes by extending the sociology of fatwa framework and providing evidence-based recommendations for more effective fatwa dissemination and religious governance in contemporary Indonesia.